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老薛侃英语语法30:现在完成时

老薛 老薛讲英语 2019-02-23 21:27

 

现在完成时的动作时间是现在,动作状态是完成,完成二字意味着:动作是过去开始的,到现在已经完成,或者还要继续持续下去。所以,现在完成时的难点在于将过去和现在糅合在一起,意思是到现在为止已经做完了某事或还要持续做某事。学习该时态的重点在于:区分现在完成时和一般过去时。

动词构成have/has + 过去分词(大部分动词词尾加 ed,少数动词有不规则变化,见老薛侃英语语法附录2),其中,has 是第三人称单数形式。注意:口语中还可以用 have/has got + 过去分词。

否定式have not (haven't)/has not (hasn't)  + 过去分词

疑问式:将 have/has 置于主语前。

 

一、现在完成时基本用法:现在完成时与一般过去时区别。

一般过去时仅仅是陈述过去的事实,而现在完成时的着眼点是现在。

1. 看时间状语

仅用于一般过去时的时间状语,如 three days ago, yesterday, last week, in 2018 等纯粹表示过去的时间。

仅用于现在完成时的时间状语,如 by the end of this year, since 1885, so far, before 等时间。

2. 看是否对现在造成影响(如果时间状语不出现,或出现一般过去时和现在完成时通用的时间状语),举例:

I went to Beijing. 我去过北京。(仅讲述过去的事实)

I have been to Beijing. 我去过北京。(意思是我现在对北京很了解)

注意:have gone to some place 指去了某地,尚未回来;have been to some place 指去了某地,已经回来。

 

二、延续性动词的现在完成时态可表示动作的持续或反复,举例:

I have lived in Shanghai for more than 20 years. 我已经在上海住了 20 多年了。

 

 

 

老薛侃英语语法附录2:主要动词过去分词的不规则变化

老薛 老薛讲英语 2019-02-23 21:27

图片

依首字母排序(采用动词原形——过去时——过去分词模式):

am/is - was - been(是)

are - were - been(是)

awake - awoke - awoken(觉醒)

bear - bore - born(生孩子,忍受)

beat - beat - beaten(打)

become - became - become(变成)

begin - began - begun(开始)

bite - bit - bitten(咬)

blow - blew - blown(吹)

break - broke - broken(打破)

bring - brought - brought(带来)

build - built - built(建造)

burn - burnt/burned - burnt/burned(燃烧)

buy - bought - bought(买)

catch - caught - caught(抓住)

choose - chose - chosen(选择)

come - came - come (来)

cost - cost - cost(花费)

cut - cut - cut (切割)

do - did - done(做)

draw - drew - drawn(画画,拉)

dream - dreamed/dreamt - dreamed/dreamt(做梦)

drink - drank - drunk(喝)

drive - drove - driven (驾驶)

eat - ate - eaten(吃)

fall - fell - fallen (落下)

feed - fed - fed(喂)

feel - felt - felt(感觉,摸)

fight - fought - fought(打架)

find - found - found(找到,发现)

fly - flew - flown(飞)

forget - forgot - forgotten(忘记)

forgive - forgave - forgiven(原谅)

freeze - froze - frozen (结冰,冻僵)

get - got - got/gotten(得到,变得)

give - gave - given(给)

go - went - gone(走,去)

grow - grew - grown (生长,种植,变得)

hang - hung - hung(悬挂)

have - had - had(有)

hear - heard - heard(听见)

hide - hid - hidden(躲藏)

hit - hit - hit(打,击)

hold - held - held(拿起,举办)

hurt - hurt - hurt(伤害)

keep - kept - kept(保持)

know - knew - known(知道,认识)

lay - laid - laid(放置,下蛋)

learn - learnt/learned - learnt/learned(学习)

leave - left - left(离开,留下)

lend - lent - lent(借给)

let - let - let(让)

lie - lay - lain(躺着,位于)

light - lit - lit(点燃)

lose - lost - lost(丢失)

make - made - made(制作,使得)

mean - meant - meant(意味着)

meet - met - met(遇见)

pay - paid - paid(付钱)

put - put - put(放)

read - read - read(读)

ride - rode - ridden(骑)

ring - rang - rung(鸣响)

run - ran - run(跑,开办)

rise - rose - risen(升起)

say - said - said(说)

see - saw - seen(看见)

sell - sold - sold(卖)

send - sent - sent(寄,送)

set - set - set(安放)

shake - shook - shaken(摇晃)

shine - shone - shone(照耀)

show - showed - shown (显示)

shut - shut - shut(关闭)

sing - sang - sung(唱歌)

sink - sank - sunk(下沉)

sit - sat - sat(坐)

sleep - slept - slept(睡觉)

smell - smelt - smelt(闻)

speak - spoke - spoken(说话,演讲)

spell - spelt - spelt(拼写)

spend - spent - spent(花费)

spoil - spoilt - spoilt(糟蹋)

stand - stood - stood(站,容忍)

steal - stole - stolen(偷)

sweep - swept - swept(打扫)

swim - swam -swum(游泳)

take - took - taken(带去)

teach - taught - taught(教)

tell - told - told(告诉)

think - thought - thought(思考,认为)

throw - threw - thrown(扔)

understand - understood - understood(理解)

wake - woke - woken(醒)

wear - wore - worn(穿着,戴着)

win - won - won(赢)

write - wrote - written(写)

 

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